A. So tell me, what is freeware?
To begin our adventure in the world of freeware (free software), it is better if we try to know first, what exactly is a freeware that? If judging from the two constituent words, the 'free' and 'software', then freeware can be freely interpreted as free software. However, readers should be noted by all, that is 'free' here is not 'free' in the sense of 'free' or $ 0.00 (so keep ya :-) UM-UGM). The word 'free' referred to above simply refers to 'freedom' or 'liberty' meaning 'the spirit of the movement'. And instead of merely referring to the meaning of 'free' with regard to commercial rates. Though of course, almost all software, both application software and operation system software, which currently is licensed freeware free products alias 'take it, duplicate it, do not need to pay'.
The official definition of the many freeware recognized by the IT community around the world, of course out of the pioneering ideas of this movement, namely Richard Matthew Stallman (RMS). According to a former hacker in the laboratory of AI (Artificial Intelligent) MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) is, the software can be referred to as freeware if it meets the four conditions contained in the GNU GPL (GNU's Not Unix General Public License). The fourth requirement, among others;
1.Freedom 0
Users are free to use the program for any purpose
Users are free to use the program for any purpose
2. Freedom 1
Users are free to examine the source code to see how it works
Users are free to check or test the 'source code' to see how the program is
3. Freedom 2
Users are free to distribute the program to others. With or without charge.
Users are free to distribute the program to others. Either free or not
4. Freedom 3
Users are free to improv the program.
Users are free to fix the program
Thus the conditions which must be held by the licensed software freeware. That means, if there is only one of four conditions were not met by an outstanding software in the earth, then the software is not included in the freeware family. But readers should also know that in addition to the GPL license issued by the RMS, in truth there are many more other licenses are alive and free software overshadow the other. Unfortunately, other licenses are lack of support and attention of many IT circles so that they almost become something that exists but is barely audible.
Based on the observation at the site editor of Wikipedia, now has as many as 56 licenses and three are open source licenses that are closed source. Of the 56 licenses are open source, 28 of which are GPL compatible. GPL is Incompatible with the rest. Compatible means the GPL license has four properties that meet the prerequisite set by Stallman. Whereas the Incompatible, it means that a license is unable to meet four minimum requirements that have been created by Stallman.
The three licenses are included in the closed source, among others; Free Licensed Closed source (Free Solaris Binary License), Pay Licensed viewable Source (Microsoft's Shared Source), and Pay Licensed Closed Source (Microsoft Windows End User License Agreement).
2. History and Origins of Free Software Licenses
History of the emergence of Free Software licenses can not be separated from the hacker culture that developed in some of the university's computer science laboratory in the United States (Stanford, Berkeley, Carnegie Mellon, and MIT) in the decade of the 1960s to the 1970s. The staff computer / hacker who works in the laboratory has an ethical or 'indigenous' to volunteer (free) gives the results of his work, whether it's fresh software (totally new) and the form of improvements (update / patch) of a software to the community. At that time, this state has become a necessity. Because the software developed by a hacker is usually also the result of work of other hackers. If Indonesianized, similar to the Mutual cooperation.
In addition to the above culture, laws governing the patenting of a software as well not exist. Reasons used by the PTO (The United States Patent and Trademark Office)-institutions that deal with patents in the United States, was that the agency considers that the software is like a row of computer-mathematical expressions that have a purpose, it is not the kind of process / new method , a revolutionary machine, the object / component manufacturing unique, nor the composition of a substance that is plural and legitimate for the patent.
It was not until later in the 1980s, a case involving a patent on a software finally come to the surface. Diamond v. Diehr name of the case. In this case, the prosecutor wants the inclusion of computer application skills / included into the calculation methods to control and process-timing (timing-controlled process) heating the sap of the rubber can be patented. PTO initially rejected on the grounds above. But finally, the strong urging of the coming of the U.S. Supreme Court U.S. Supreme Courts, and various other considerations, PTO and also patented a new method in which there is a computer application as the core of the process.
Since the method patented by the PTO, stretching the patenting software in the industry in the United States is increasing. As a result, inevitably, the hacker who previously used to the freedom in the use of software have also been affected, both culturally and morally. Many of these hackers are then invited to sign non-disclosure aggreement. An agreement is, of course prohibit software users to do things that previously had a culture, such as free copying binaries (file extension *. Exe) a program, view and fix the source code, or use it in the computer equipment or other institutions that are not property (properties) of the owner of the software.
Labotatorium MIT AI, where Richard M. Stallman works, also affected the trend of software patents. Many colleagues who are also hacker Stallman later founded the company based on software that they had developed previously. Preceded by a senior hacker, Richard Greenblatt who founded LMI (Lisp Machine, Inc.), and David Moon and his friends who tried their luck with Symbolics. Establishment of two companies, of course, threaten the hacker culture that had been built at the MIT AI Lab. The hackers who usually work in mutual help automatic loss of freedom as before. They have been broken, the hacker culture is almost certainly extinct.
Stallman is steadfast and loyal to the principle of freedom of course hackers are reluctant to join the two companies. Since then, Stallman faced with three options, namely one: take plunge into the world of proprietary software and betraying the principle of a hacker, two: leave the computer world forever, and three: find a way to revive the hacker culture.
In 1984, Stallman decided to leave the MIT AI Lab. Stallman discharge, other than due to the above problem, most likely also caused frustration to the Xerox laser printer is having problems with his driver. After coming out of MIT, Stallman later started his GNU project development. An ambitious project that will be the forerunner to the establishment of the FSF (Free Software Foundation) with its GPL license, as well as Stallman's efforts to realize the noble ideals; â € œOnce GNU is written, everyone will be Able to Obtain good system software free, just like air.â €?
3. What is the difference Freeware with Open Source
By Joe Barr, one of the editors for the site LinuxWorld.com, there are some important points that distinguish the two terms. The first term, which is freeware, has more to do with licensing issues. While the second, more focused to the subject that make up the source code of a software. This means, the term open source is only going to cover two of the four conditions above are the main characteristic of freeware. The terms in question are the second and fourth terms. It can be concluded that a software developed by the method of open source is not necessarily included in the freeware, but rather a family of software that is included in the freeware it will automatically use the method developed by open source.
4. About the Microsoft Shared Source Initiative (MSSI)
In addition to the terms free software and open source, there is still a viable one raised in the focus of IT Magz this time, namely the shared source. Many groups are anti with a company owned by William Henry Gates III is considered that the MSSI is a deceptive form of the Goliath cheap to maintain their image in front of the IT community around the world who are in love by open source. Those who are often interpret the concept of anti-MSSI is a brief but pungent phrase, â € œLook, but do not touch! Â €?
But Jason Matusow, director of MSSI, strongly denied the claim through essainya entitled: A Commercial Perspective: Microsoft Shared Source. According to Jason, there are four important points that should be known by the public policy of this largest software manufacturer. These four points include;
The emergence of the term open source initiative initiated by a famous hacker who is also familiar with Stallman and his GNU Project, namely Eric Steven Raymond (ESR). According to Eric, as he wrote in the bkunya: The Cathedral and the Baazar, pattern / method of making a type of software that the cathedral is a classic pattern in which the processing software is only controlled in a closed (proprietary) by a small group of programmers who are working / employed by certain companies . As with the method baazar where the source code of a program released freely to the world via the internet.
With this method, process development and improvement of the software will not only be borne by the holder of the proprietary software and their programmers are hired, but also by programmers around the world who are interested to make improvements to the software. Successful examples of implementation of this method is the leading free software office suite, which is licensed OpenOffice.Org LGPL (GNU Lesser General Public License) and the Netscape browser that is exploding variant to date, Mozilla FireFox.
A. Support existing customers
Microsoft to give permission to its customers who are competent to access the source code for the following interests; examining security gaps that may still exist in the software, facilitating the development of the software, to make distribution / dissemination.
2. Generate new development
Supplying source code along with critical components that can be used to facilitate the development projects are completely new.
3. Augment teaching and research
Provision of source code and documentation as a teaching material in class, references to textbooks that need it, and as a basis for advanced research
4. Promote business partner opportunities
Supplying source code along with its license structure to encourage the creation of business opportunities for both new Microsoft partners and Microsoft itself.
The fourth principle which is the backbone of the creator of the flying window to serve the rivalry of the Free Software Foundation and the Open Source Initiative. If we listen carefully these four principles, then we will see that Microsoft is still trying to find loopholes that benefit under their policies since 2003 actively campaign for it. Gap profit is certainly not in terms of money in cash (cash), because it is in its implementation, all the source code is allowed to be viewed can be seen for free. Despite a series of provisions that much different from what has been offered by the two rivals.
The biggest advantage to be gained by the company is to increase Microsoft's image, be it in the eyes of their own programmers and in the public eye and the IT community as consumers of their products. With this policy, the Microsoft programmer would remain loyal to his company because of their intellectual property rights is maintained. In the meantime, consumers are also likely to increase his love for the company, because they have a chance to see MILLIONS of lines of code behind the software that is familiar to use.
To begin our adventure in the world of freeware (free software), it is better if we try to know first, what exactly is a freeware that? If judging from the two constituent words, the 'free' and 'software', then freeware can be freely interpreted as free software. However, readers should be noted by all, that is 'free' here is not 'free' in the sense of 'free' or $ 0.00 (so keep ya :-) UM-UGM). The word 'free' referred to above simply refers to 'freedom' or 'liberty' meaning 'the spirit of the movement'. And instead of merely referring to the meaning of 'free' with regard to commercial rates. Though of course, almost all software, both application software and operation system software, which currently is licensed freeware free products alias 'take it, duplicate it, do not need to pay'.
The official definition of the many freeware recognized by the IT community around the world, of course out of the pioneering ideas of this movement, namely Richard Matthew Stallman (RMS). According to a former hacker in the laboratory of AI (Artificial Intelligent) MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) is, the software can be referred to as freeware if it meets the four conditions contained in the GNU GPL (GNU's Not Unix General Public License). The fourth requirement, among others;
1.Freedom 0
Users are free to use the program for any purpose
Users are free to use the program for any purpose
2. Freedom 1
Users are free to examine the source code to see how it works
Users are free to check or test the 'source code' to see how the program is
3. Freedom 2
Users are free to distribute the program to others. With or without charge.
Users are free to distribute the program to others. Either free or not
4. Freedom 3
Users are free to improv the program.
Users are free to fix the program
Thus the conditions which must be held by the licensed software freeware. That means, if there is only one of four conditions were not met by an outstanding software in the earth, then the software is not included in the freeware family. But readers should also know that in addition to the GPL license issued by the RMS, in truth there are many more other licenses are alive and free software overshadow the other. Unfortunately, other licenses are lack of support and attention of many IT circles so that they almost become something that exists but is barely audible.
Based on the observation at the site editor of Wikipedia, now has as many as 56 licenses and three are open source licenses that are closed source. Of the 56 licenses are open source, 28 of which are GPL compatible. GPL is Incompatible with the rest. Compatible means the GPL license has four properties that meet the prerequisite set by Stallman. Whereas the Incompatible, it means that a license is unable to meet four minimum requirements that have been created by Stallman.
The three licenses are included in the closed source, among others; Free Licensed Closed source (Free Solaris Binary License), Pay Licensed viewable Source (Microsoft's Shared Source), and Pay Licensed Closed Source (Microsoft Windows End User License Agreement).
2. History and Origins of Free Software Licenses
History of the emergence of Free Software licenses can not be separated from the hacker culture that developed in some of the university's computer science laboratory in the United States (Stanford, Berkeley, Carnegie Mellon, and MIT) in the decade of the 1960s to the 1970s. The staff computer / hacker who works in the laboratory has an ethical or 'indigenous' to volunteer (free) gives the results of his work, whether it's fresh software (totally new) and the form of improvements (update / patch) of a software to the community. At that time, this state has become a necessity. Because the software developed by a hacker is usually also the result of work of other hackers. If Indonesianized, similar to the Mutual cooperation.
In addition to the above culture, laws governing the patenting of a software as well not exist. Reasons used by the PTO (The United States Patent and Trademark Office)-institutions that deal with patents in the United States, was that the agency considers that the software is like a row of computer-mathematical expressions that have a purpose, it is not the kind of process / new method , a revolutionary machine, the object / component manufacturing unique, nor the composition of a substance that is plural and legitimate for the patent.
It was not until later in the 1980s, a case involving a patent on a software finally come to the surface. Diamond v. Diehr name of the case. In this case, the prosecutor wants the inclusion of computer application skills / included into the calculation methods to control and process-timing (timing-controlled process) heating the sap of the rubber can be patented. PTO initially rejected on the grounds above. But finally, the strong urging of the coming of the U.S. Supreme Court U.S. Supreme Courts, and various other considerations, PTO and also patented a new method in which there is a computer application as the core of the process.
Since the method patented by the PTO, stretching the patenting software in the industry in the United States is increasing. As a result, inevitably, the hacker who previously used to the freedom in the use of software have also been affected, both culturally and morally. Many of these hackers are then invited to sign non-disclosure aggreement. An agreement is, of course prohibit software users to do things that previously had a culture, such as free copying binaries (file extension *. Exe) a program, view and fix the source code, or use it in the computer equipment or other institutions that are not property (properties) of the owner of the software.
Labotatorium MIT AI, where Richard M. Stallman works, also affected the trend of software patents. Many colleagues who are also hacker Stallman later founded the company based on software that they had developed previously. Preceded by a senior hacker, Richard Greenblatt who founded LMI (Lisp Machine, Inc.), and David Moon and his friends who tried their luck with Symbolics. Establishment of two companies, of course, threaten the hacker culture that had been built at the MIT AI Lab. The hackers who usually work in mutual help automatic loss of freedom as before. They have been broken, the hacker culture is almost certainly extinct.
Stallman is steadfast and loyal to the principle of freedom of course hackers are reluctant to join the two companies. Since then, Stallman faced with three options, namely one: take plunge into the world of proprietary software and betraying the principle of a hacker, two: leave the computer world forever, and three: find a way to revive the hacker culture.
In 1984, Stallman decided to leave the MIT AI Lab. Stallman discharge, other than due to the above problem, most likely also caused frustration to the Xerox laser printer is having problems with his driver. After coming out of MIT, Stallman later started his GNU project development. An ambitious project that will be the forerunner to the establishment of the FSF (Free Software Foundation) with its GPL license, as well as Stallman's efforts to realize the noble ideals; â € œOnce GNU is written, everyone will be Able to Obtain good system software free, just like air.â €?
3. What is the difference Freeware with Open Source
By Joe Barr, one of the editors for the site LinuxWorld.com, there are some important points that distinguish the two terms. The first term, which is freeware, has more to do with licensing issues. While the second, more focused to the subject that make up the source code of a software. This means, the term open source is only going to cover two of the four conditions above are the main characteristic of freeware. The terms in question are the second and fourth terms. It can be concluded that a software developed by the method of open source is not necessarily included in the freeware, but rather a family of software that is included in the freeware it will automatically use the method developed by open source.
4. About the Microsoft Shared Source Initiative (MSSI)
In addition to the terms free software and open source, there is still a viable one raised in the focus of IT Magz this time, namely the shared source. Many groups are anti with a company owned by William Henry Gates III is considered that the MSSI is a deceptive form of the Goliath cheap to maintain their image in front of the IT community around the world who are in love by open source. Those who are often interpret the concept of anti-MSSI is a brief but pungent phrase, â € œLook, but do not touch! Â €?
But Jason Matusow, director of MSSI, strongly denied the claim through essainya entitled: A Commercial Perspective: Microsoft Shared Source. According to Jason, there are four important points that should be known by the public policy of this largest software manufacturer. These four points include;
The emergence of the term open source initiative initiated by a famous hacker who is also familiar with Stallman and his GNU Project, namely Eric Steven Raymond (ESR). According to Eric, as he wrote in the bkunya: The Cathedral and the Baazar, pattern / method of making a type of software that the cathedral is a classic pattern in which the processing software is only controlled in a closed (proprietary) by a small group of programmers who are working / employed by certain companies . As with the method baazar where the source code of a program released freely to the world via the internet.
With this method, process development and improvement of the software will not only be borne by the holder of the proprietary software and their programmers are hired, but also by programmers around the world who are interested to make improvements to the software. Successful examples of implementation of this method is the leading free software office suite, which is licensed OpenOffice.Org LGPL (GNU Lesser General Public License) and the Netscape browser that is exploding variant to date, Mozilla FireFox.
A. Support existing customers
Microsoft to give permission to its customers who are competent to access the source code for the following interests; examining security gaps that may still exist in the software, facilitating the development of the software, to make distribution / dissemination.
2. Generate new development
Supplying source code along with critical components that can be used to facilitate the development projects are completely new.
3. Augment teaching and research
Provision of source code and documentation as a teaching material in class, references to textbooks that need it, and as a basis for advanced research
4. Promote business partner opportunities
Supplying source code along with its license structure to encourage the creation of business opportunities for both new Microsoft partners and Microsoft itself.
The fourth principle which is the backbone of the creator of the flying window to serve the rivalry of the Free Software Foundation and the Open Source Initiative. If we listen carefully these four principles, then we will see that Microsoft is still trying to find loopholes that benefit under their policies since 2003 actively campaign for it. Gap profit is certainly not in terms of money in cash (cash), because it is in its implementation, all the source code is allowed to be viewed can be seen for free. Despite a series of provisions that much different from what has been offered by the two rivals.
The biggest advantage to be gained by the company is to increase Microsoft's image, be it in the eyes of their own programmers and in the public eye and the IT community as consumers of their products. With this policy, the Microsoft programmer would remain loyal to his company because of their intellectual property rights is maintained. In the meantime, consumers are also likely to increase his love for the company, because they have a chance to see MILLIONS of lines of code behind the software that is familiar to use.
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