A clinical trial had shown benefits of antiretroviral (ARV) treatment before.
But this trial, reported in the Lancet, is the first "real-life" public health programme of its kind.
A UK HIV expert said there was a growing consensus that getting ARV drugs to as many people as need them would cut transmission rates.
Treatment goal
To mark World Aids Day, the World Health Organization has issued a statement on global progress on cutting new infections and Aids-related deaths.
In 2011, there were 2.5 million new infections - down 700,000 from the 2001 figure - and an estimated 1.7 million people died from Aids-related illnesses in 2011 - 600,000 fewer than in 2005.
The WHO says improving access to ARV drugs is key to cutting rates further.
The drugs reduce the amount of virus in the blood, and cut the risk of an infected person passing HIV on.
Last year, at the UN General Assembly, governments agreed to set the goal of getting 15 million HIV-infected people worldwide on the life-saving antiretroviral medicines by 2015.
The WHO says this target could be within reach - provided countries can sustain current rates.
And it says about eight million people in low and middle-income countries are getting the treatment they need, up from just 0.4 million in 2003.
Dr Gottfried Hirnschall, director of the WHO's HIV department, said: "The challenge now is to ensure that global progress is mirrored at all levels and in all places so that people, whoever they are and wherever they live, can obtain antiretroviral therapy when they need it."
This year, the WHO issued new guidelines for treating people with HIV who have uninfected partners with antiretrovirals.
'Real-world impact'
The research from China, which followed couples for up to nine years, was the first programme to really test this out in the real world.
In 24,000 couples, the HIV-infected partner had received treatment at the start of the study period - to test out the preventative benefits - while 14,800 had not.
This was because they had not met the national guidelines HIV positive people normally have to meet to receive treatment.
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